The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as clinical therapeutics is a relatively new avenue of study for treatment of a variety\nof diseases. The therapeutic impact of the MSCs is based upon their multiplicities of function and interaction with host tissues.\nMSCs can be anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antimicrobial, and regenerative, all which may improve outcomes in scenarios of\ndamaged tissues and inflammation. Although most studies focus on utilizing MSCs to direct clinical efficacy, it is the ability to\norchestrate host response in surrounding tissue that is especially unique and versatile. This orchestration of host response can be\napplied to a variety of clinical scenarios not only through cell-cell interactions but also through production of bioactive secreted\nfactors. These bioactive factors include small proteins, chemokines, cytokines, and other cellular regulators. These factors have the\ncapacity to induce angiogenesis or blood vessel development, be chemotactic, and induce cellular recruitment. MSCs also have the\ncapacity to differentiate with the implicated environment to regenerate tissue or accommodate host tissue in a cell specific manner.\nThe differentiation cannot only be done in vivo but also can be optimized in vitro prior to in vivo administration, potentiating the\nversatility of the MSCs and opening avenues for corrective therapy and cell delivery of genes. The differentiation process depends\non the environment with which the MSCs are put and results in active communication between the newly administered cells host\ntissue. Since these properties have been identified, there are a variety of clinical trials and studies being conducted on MSCs ability\nto treat human disease. This review outlines the potential use of MSCs, the types of tissue, and the innovative applications ofMSCs\nfor the treatment of diseases.
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